A researcher observes that, on average, the number of traffic violations in cities with Major League Baseball teams is larger than in cities without Major League baseball teams. The most plausible explanation for this observed association is that the
A) presence of a Major League baseball team causes the number of traffic incidents to rise (perhaps due to the large number of people leaving the ballpark.)
B) association is due to the presence of a lurking variable. (Major League teams tend to be in large cities with more people, hence a greater number of traffic incidents)
C) observed association is purely coincidental. It is implausible to believe the observed association could be anything other than accidental.
D) association makes no sense, since many people take public transit or walk to baseball games.
E) high number of traffic incidents is responsible for the presence of Major League baseball teams (more traffic incidents means more people have cars, making it easier for them to get to the ballpark.)
Answer: association is due to the presence of a lurking variable. (Major League teams tend to be in large cities with more people, hence a greater number of traffic incidents)
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